Elamipretide SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, is a mitochondria-targeting synthetic peptide that specifically binds to cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cardiolipin is crucial for maintaining the structural integrity of the mitochondrial membrane and for promoting efficient electron transfer in the electron transport chain (Szeto, 2006). By stabilizing cardiolipin, SS-31 reduces the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, minimizes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and preserves ATP generation. These effects collectively help counteract mitochondrial dysfunction associated with aging and various degenerative diseases (Manczak et al., 2010; Shi et al., 2019). These unique properties of SS-31 make it a promising therapeutic agent for diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, skeletal muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular disorders.